Steering-gear.



w. s. WILKINSON.

STEERING GEAR. APPLICATION FILED APILZG. 19H.

PatentdSepf.28,1915. v

8 SHEETS-SHEET I.

wawn w. s. WILKINSON.

STEERING GEAR.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 26. 19H.

Patented Spt. 28, 1915.

w. s. WlLKlNSON.

STEERING GEAR.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 26.1911.

Patented'Sept. 28, 1915.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

.W. S. WILKINSON. V

v STEERING GEAR. APPHCATION FILED APR. 26. 19H.

Patented Sept. 23, 1915.

8 SHEET$VSHEET 4.

I w. s. WILKINSON.

STEERING GEAR- ATPLICATION FILED APJLZSJQII.

Patnted. Sept. 28, 1915.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

W. S. WILKINSON.

STEERING GEAR. APPLICATION man maze. 1915' Sept. 28, .1915.

s SHEETS-SHEET s.

Patented w. s. WILKINSON.

STEERING GEAR.

APPLICATION FILED APR.26 19H.

Patented Sept. 28, 1915.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 7 W. S.'W|LK|NS0N. srgznmc GEAR. APPLICATION FILED APR.2, 19H- Patented Sept, 28, 1915.

a SHEETS-SHEi-IT a.

7 tion.

WILLIAM S. WILKINSON, OF FOX CHASE, rnNnsYLvAnm, ASSIGNOR T0 AMERICAN ENGINEERING COMPANY, A' CORPORATION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

A surname-GEAR."

To all whom it may concern.

Be it known that I, WILLIAM S. WILKIN- SON, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Fox Chase, in the county of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain Improvements in Steering- Gear, of which the following is aspecificaone object of my invention is to provide a system of apparatus for actuating the rudders of boats and particularly those of the double ended type whereby it shall bepossible to increase the leverage on the rudder as it approaches either of its hard over positions from its mid position; it being especially desired that the mechanism for accomplishing this object shall'be simple, substantial and reliable under operating conditions.

- I further desire to provide a system ofv apparatus of the above type for actuating one or more rudders whichshall be so arranged and constructed that the amount of rope or. chain paid out and taken in from the drum shall be such as to avoid any slack rope at any position of the rudder.

I further desire to provide a differentially acting device, preferably a drum, for operating the ropes of a system of steering apparatus whereby it. shall be possible to avoid I and either of the latter with its quadrant.

the slacking of any parts of said ropes at am" time regardless of the position of the rudders.

A- further object of the invention is to provide such an arrangement of rudder-opcrating apparatus that a single engine, controlled from either of two stations, may

be used to operate either rudder at willeither by the use of a plain cylindrical drum or with adrum of the differential type.-

These objects and. other advantageous ends I secure as hereinafter set-forth,reference being bad totheaccompanying drawings, in which Figure 1, is a diagrammatic plan illustrating my improved steering gear; Fig. :2,

is a vertical section of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1 Figs. 3 ande arerespectivelv a plan and a vertical section ofthe steering engine used with that form of my invention shown in'Figs. 1 and 2, and illustrating the detail construction of the drum and its associated parts; Fig. 5.is a plan,

' Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed-April 26,1911. Serial No. 623,440.

plan and avertical section,

the engine shown in Figs. 3 and '4; Figs. 6 and 7 are respectively a illustrating a modified form of drum construction; Figs.

'tical section, showing in diagram a modified Patented Sept. 28,1915... I

.partly in section, illustratinga' slightly modified form of -8 and 9 are respectively a plan and a verarrangement of the steering gear in which e the rudder may be actuated by steam mecha nlsm or by a separate hand operated device;

Figs; 10 and 11 are fragmentary diagram-- matic plans, illustrating the disposition ofthe ropes or chains arranged according to my invention when the rudders are to be and 11, and Fig. 13, is a diagrammatic plan showing the apparatus employed when steam operated mechanism alone is used for actuating the rudders and in which a plain cylindrical winding drum isemployed.

- Referring first to Figs. .1 and 2 of the above drawings, 1 and 2 represent the rudders of a double ended vessel such as aferry boat. Quadrants 3 and .4 are respectively connected to the posts of these two rudders,

may be held from moving at will by means of a pin 5 extending through the lower deck of the vesselinto a suitable socket at the rear of the rudder. In the particular arrangement of apparatus shown. in 'Figs.;1 and 2- there is connected to the quadrant 8 a pair of ropes 6 and 8 each having at its end 7' a block 10, and similarly the quadrant 4 has Wise havingablock 10-at its end. At a position preferably at or near the connected to it two ropes 7 and 9, each likecenter of the vessel is mounted a steering. 1

engine 11, and as the system shown in 1 and 2 is of the combined hand and steam .operated type, I provide at the opposite ends .of-the vessel two steering wheels 12 and 1-3 connected through shafts 14, 15,17, and 16. to a shaft 18 which is capable of being caused to operate either the steam valve of the engine or the cable drum thereof yes may be desired.

The drum of the engine as shown in Figs.

3 and 4, is provided with cable or ropegrooves as shown and I provide two ropes 19 and 20 operative in these grooves, connecting the ropes 6, 7, 8, and 9 to said drum. The first of these ropes 19 extends from the engine 'drum around a sheave, 'thence successively through the two blocks 10 at the ends ofthe'ropes 6 and 7, around a second sheave and back to the drum, while the second rope 20 passes from the drum around a sheave, thence through the blocks 10 connected to. the ropes 8 and 9, around a secon sheave and back ,to the drum.

In order to properly operate this peculiar arrangement of parts, I provide the special form of drum 21, Figs. 3 and 4, consisting:

of a cylindrical part 22 of substantially uniform diameter and a conical part 23; it being noted that each of these portions are twin grooved. The grooves of the part 23,

when considered from one end, have a cylindrical portion concentric with the shaft 24 on' which the drum is mounted, continuoils with which is a spiral part Whose distance from the center of the shaft increases at a relatively rapid rate to a maximum and thereafter immediately decreases until it terminates in a second cylindrical portion concentric with the shaft.

The part 23 of the drum is bolted to a worm wheel 25 fixed to the shaft 24 and is detachably connected to the part .22 by clutch teeth 26, while said part is bolted to a gear 27. This gear with said part 22 may be moved longitudinally upon the shaft 24 by means of a collar 28 keyed theretor x there-being a spring 29 normally holding the part 22 coupled to the part 23 for a pur pose hereafter noted. The gear 27 meshes with a second and smaller. gear 30 on the automatic shaft 32 of the engine and it may be connected to or disconnected from the shaft 18 of the steering wheel mechanism by the operationof a suitable hand wheel 31,

which through a system of collars and levers may be caused to connector disconnect said gear 30 and said automatic shaft 32.

The spring 29 is particularly useful 'in case the hand Wheel 31 should be operated to couple the two parts 22.and 23 of the drum, when the teeth 26 of said two parts did not fair? or intermesh. In'such case it would be possible to adjust the hand wheel to its full extent so as to-uncouple the gear 30 from the shaft 32,.as well as to so compress the spring 29 as to'canse it to move the part 22 of the drum to couple it to the part 23 as soon as this latter part had moved sufliciently to permit the clutch teeth 1 26-to properly engage. This spring has the same functions-in that form of vmy invention .shown in Fig. '7 as it has in that illustrated in Fig. 4, in the former case servingto permit operation of the hand wheel at any time regardless of the relative positions, of the teeth 37 and causing these to properly mesh as soon asrelative movement of one set of them occurs, in case they should 'not fair at the time said hand wheel was operated.

At the same time that the gear 30 is con-- nected to the shaft 32, the collar 28 is so moved as to uncouple the parts 22 and 23 of the drum and since the worm wheel 25 is engaged by the worm 33 on'the crank shaft of the engine, it will be noted that under these conditions the part 23 of the drum is immovably held from turning. I

have not described the remainder of the enmediately adjacent its portion of largest diameter. Moreover, these two ends of said ropes leave the drum in opposite directions, and when it is turned, one is paid out at a decreasing rate while the other is wound on the drum, likewise at a decreasing rate, so that the length of one of these ends delivered is exactly qual to the length of the other rope taken in. The second endsgof each of the ropes 19 and 20are connected to the ends of the part 22 of the drum, and when the rudder is in-its mid positlon, are

fully Wound thereon so thatrevolution. of'

the drum in either direction feeds off one of said ends at a uniform rate exactly equal to the rate at which the other is wound up. With this arrangementof parts and assuming that the .hand wheel 31 is in position to permit of the operation of theengine by steam, the rudder holding pin 5 is placed v to hold the rudder 1 from moving While the rudder 2 is of course free to move.

Since the two parts 22 and 23 of the drum are coupled, the admission of steam to the engine caused by operating either of the i wheels 12-or 13, will, through'the worm 33,

turn the worm wheel 25 with-the'drum 21 and slowly payout one end of the rope 19,

while the other end is taken in more rapidly than said first end but at a decreasing rate of speed. At the same time one end of the rope 20 is taken in slowly at a uniform rate, while .its other end is paid out more rapidly than its other end is drawn in but also at a decreasing rate. As a consequence one of the blocks 10 of one pair, as for example that connected to the ropes 6 and 7, is drawn toward the other. at a rapid but decreasing rate when the rudder is being moved from its mid position and at the same time one of the blocks 10 of the ropes 8 and 9. is allowed hold the rudder 2 from turning, whereupon the ropes .7 and 9 with-their blocksca'nnotto move away from the other at the same rate of speed, with the result that the rudder is at first moved at a high but diminishmg speed'and with small power until, when,

- there is absolutely no. slack in any of the ropes atany time, since the amount paid out on one side of the drum is exactly equal to I that taken in on the other side thereof. It is obvious that if it be desired to operate either -of the rudders by hand, the hand wheel 31 may be so operated as to disconnect the parts 22 and 23 of the drum and connect the gear 30 to the shaft 32, whereupon. the revolution of the shaft 18 by either of the steering wheels 12 and 13 causesturning of the said shaft 32 and gear 30 as well as of the gear 27 and the part 22 of the drum'. As a result one end of, the rope '19 may' be wound up .while the corresponding end of the rope 20 is paid out, both actions taking place at a uniform rate since the second ends of the rope are fixed to the part 23 of the drum which is held from turning by reason of the engagement of its worm wheel 25 with the worm 33. The rudder 2 is thus shifted from its mid position since the block 10 of the rope 7 is caused tomov'e toward the block 10' onthe end of the rope 6 while.

the opposite movement occurs between the blocks 10 on the ropes 8 and 9., Here as before there is no slacking in anyof the ropes,

although the rudder is moved in-the common and well known manner. If it be desired to operate the rudder 1, the pin 5' is placed to move, though the ropes and blocks attached to the rudder 1 and its quadrant 3 are free to assume positions in accordance with the operation on the drum of the steering engine.- In that form of my invention shown in Fig 5, I have so modified the construction of the drum as to permanently connect its two parts; the invention'loeing such that these as a Whole may lie-either connected to or dis-. connected from the worm wheel 25 by means of a clutch 34, which, like the clutch-26 is heldfast while its other end is designed to be thrown out to disconnect the .7 drum 21 from the worm wheel 25 when the clutch 35 is thrown by' the handwh'eel' 31 to connect the automatic shaft 32 with the gear 30. It will vbe noted, however, that the .drum 21, illustrated in Figs. 31 to 5 inclusive, is of the double groove type,- though if I desired I may substitute for it a drum con-- creasing spiral portions continuous therewith. Rigidly connected to the part 23 is a cylindrical part 22, the-same as that shown in Fig. 4, and this is detachably connected to the worm wheel 25by a suitable clutch such as the tooth'device 37. The part 23 is keyed to thQShaft 24, though in this instance the worm wheel 25 is loose on said shaft 0 while the gear 27 is feathered to said shaft.

Under operating conditions this arrangement ofv parts operates in the same manner as has hitherto been described in connection .with Figs. 3 and 4, although when it is-desiredto operate the rudder by hand, the turning of the wheel .31 disengagesthe parts 22 and 23 from ,the'worm wheel 25 so that the turning of the shaft 18 operates the parts 1 22, 23 and 23 of the drum through the automatic shaft 32, clutch35, gears 30 and 27 and 'shaft 24.

In place of the roperigging shown in I Figs; 1 and 2, I mayemploythat shown in Fig. 11' and use therewith the form of dif ferential drum shownin F ig. 12;.this arrangement as before being designed for use with a combined hand and steam system.-

111511011 a case both ropes "wand 20 have one end permanently attached to a. suitable fixed structure at'38, fromwhence each rope passes through the two, blocks 10 and is attached to a differential drum which may have the formshown at23 in Fig. 4 or may,

as shown in Fig. 12, consist. of wo single groove drums 23 an d 23",, connected. to-

gether and detachably connected to the en.-

gine drivep worm [wheel 25; by a friction or other clutch- 3.4, as described in connecaoawiui Fig; 5.

- The operation of the syst'emxwith this arrangement of parts is the same as hereto.- j fore described in connection with F igs, 3 and 4,- except that the .blocks 10 of each pair j. on the opposite sides of the vessel. are moved '-'toward 'or from each other at adecreasing 01" increasingrate owing to a pull which is exerted through one'end only of the rope 19 or 20, as the. case may be, where in the case first illustrated one end of the rope 19 for example, waspaidout .at a uniform rate and the other end was wound up at a variable rate. In this' case one end of taken in or "paid out at a rate depending upon the position of the rudder, which, however, is 'moved as before at a'high speed but with small power adjacent its mid position, but with a maximum power and at a slow speed at or adjacent its hard over position.

said rope is The same type of engine and drum may be used with a system employing steam for the purpose of actuating the steering engine, in combination with a separate hand steering attachment, such as shown in Fig. 1O.

In this case as in Fig. 11, it will be underthe two ropes 6 and 7. Its end, however, instead'of being attached to a fixed struc-' ture as in the case of Figfll, is connected to one end of a rope 42 coming from the hand steering wheel 40, and one end of a rope 13 coming from the steering wheel 39,

is likewise connected to it at 44 after passing around a suitableguiding sheave 4 5. If in this case it be desired to use the rudder 1, the rudder 2 is held by its pin from moving, and the hand steering wheel 40 is left free to turn asis also the wheel 39. If the steam steering gear be used, both hand wheels 39 and 4.0 are lashed fast or are held in any other suitable manner. In such case the rope 19 causes operation of the rudder 1 in a manner precisely similar to that described in connection with Fig. 11.

If however, itbe desired to use the hand wheeel 40, thertwo drums '23 and 23 are left connected to the wormwheel 25 so that turning of said wheel may be caused for example to pull on the rope l2, which since the drum end of the rope 19 is immovably held with the drum,-causes the pulley 10 at the'end of the rope 6 to move toward the pulley 10 of the rope 7 in the manner heretofore described and likewise. causes a cor responding opposite movement of the block 10 connected to the rope 8 (not shown) of -l5 and terminates on the drum of the hand the rudder 1, so that this latter is voperated as desired. r a.

It is obvious that the removal of; the pin from the rudder 2 and the placing of it in the rudder 1 will render possible the operation of-the rudder 2 by the hand wheel 39 as'before described in connection with therudder 1. Another form of my invention in which the separate hand steering gear is employed in connection with an engine whose drum may be operated by steam only, is shown in Figs. 8 and 9, Where the engine 11 is.

equipped with differential. drums of the construction shown either in Figs. 3 or 6.-

In this case, however, one part of the rope 19, after passing through the block 10 on the end of the rope 7, passes around a sheave steeringwheel 39. A second part of said rope, after passing through the block 10 at end connected tothe drum of the steering engine and their second ends respectively connected to the drums of hand steering wheels 39 and 40. In this case the steering wheels are lashed fast when not in use, he ing held by beckets or otherwise so that' the admission of steam to the engine cylin- (lei-s operates either rudder in the customary manner heretofore described.

If it be desired to operate the rudder 1 by the hand wheel '40, the rudder 2 is immovably held by its pin and the handwheel 39 is as before held from moving in any suitable manner. The turning of said hand wheel 40 thencauses the blocks 10 attached to'theends of the ropes 6 and 8 to move. as heretofore described so-as to turn the rudder 1, while the remainder of the apparatus of the system is idle and held from moving, there being as in every case heretofore described, no slack rope in the sys;

tem at any time. The rudder in this case, when operated by hand is actuated in the customary manner, 71. 6. without a variation in the operating power at any particular sired'way without any variation in the tension of the ropes due to saidoperation.

It will be understood that 'whileI have omitted all reference to the detail method of operation of the engine and its parts, these act in the well known manner and in themselves constitute nopart of my invention.

- It is to be noted that each of the drums employed on *the. power operated engines or machines for actuating the rudders has two conical portions placed base'to base and that, these portions have formed in them one or more cable grooves whose portions at the bases of said conical drum sections are connected directly together without the interposition of any relatively great length of groove concentric with the drum shaft;

that is to say, a cable, after being wound upon one of the conical parts-of the drum from its part of small diameter to its larger part, passes directly into the spiral path which is' formed by the groove on the second conical surface of the drum and which decreases as to its distance'from the drum shaft until it has reached the small diameter cylindrical portion of the drum concentric with said shaft. I I

It is to be understood that by the terms rope or..cable as used by me, I refer to whatever 'form of flexible or other connecting means is employedto transmit power from the engine or steering wheels to the rudders, regardless of whether such means is in the form ofa stranded metallic or other rope or cable or one or more chains or rods.

One important advantage of those particular systems of apparatus described above, which employ drums having conical portions merging into cylindrical portions, resides in the fact that if the controlling mechanism be operatedv too far inv either direction, the rudder is brought to one of its hardover positions and thereafter the engine is permitted to run for a limited time without causing injury or strain to any of the parts, since the rope or ropes are paid out and taken in at a uniform rate, thuscausing them to run through the blocks 10 without further tendency to move the rudder; it being understood of course that the rums and ropes are so designed as to permit of a certain amount of this over-travel.

In that form of my invention shown in Fig. 13, I employ a single engine 11 for .operating the two rudders of a double ended boat as heretofore'noted,although. in this case said engine is equipped with a plain cylindrical drum having a pair of double grooves such as are shown in Fig. 3, though it may be made intwo separated cylindrical partseach having a single groove as shown in Fig. 7 In such case, however, the rudders'are so made as to be capable of dis-connection at will from their quadrants- 3 and 4, and with this idea in. view each rudder, whlle swinging free on the rudder post on which. its quadrant is mounted, has

keyed or otherwise rigidly fixed to it an arm 2 which may at will be connected to its adjacent quadrant by means of a rudder pin 5. Thus if it should be desired to control the rudder 1 from the hand wheel 13, the pin 5 would be placed as shown in Fig. 9 to retain the rudder 2 in its mid position, thereby leaving the quadrant 4 free to swing independently of said rudder. At the same time a rudder pin 5 would be placed in the quadrant 3 to connect to it the arm 2 of the rudder 1 so that movement of said latter quadrant is communicated to said rudders If now'the engine 11 be operated to wind up the rope 6 and pay out the rope 8*, the rudder 1 is moved through its quad-' rant 3 to one side of-its mid position, while atthe same time one of the ropes 7 or 9 is wound up and the other is paid out so that the quadrant 4 iscaused to swing idly.

' It is obvious that by pinning fast the rudder 1 and freeing the quadrant 3 the vessel may be steered from the wheel 12 by connecting the rudder {2' to the quadrant 4 as above described.

While as heretofore noted, I preferably use a differential drum in operating those forms of my system shownin Figs. 10 and 11, it is obvious that a plain cylindrical drum may be employed if it is not desired to obtain the differential action of the rudders. In any case, however, those forms of my invention shown in Figs. 10, 11 and 13 may be operated by a single engine which would necessarily be equipped with aplain cylindrical drum for the system of Fig. 13

and could employ either a differential or a plain cylindrical drum in Figs. 10 and 11. r claim t 1. A new article of manufacture consisting of a drum having two conical portions arranged base to base and provided with cylindrical portions forming. continuations of the systems of the small diameter parts of said conical por-' tions; there being a groove 'or grooves formed in the said portions of the drum; one of said cylindrical portions being of greater length than the other; and having a part detachable at will from the remainder.

2. The combination with the two rudders of a double ended boat, of cables attached to said rudders; and a-power actuated machine including'a single winding drum to which said cables are connected, for operating the rudders; said machine including -means for moving either of said rudders relatively small power and at a high speed adjacent its mid position and with a rela-- tively greater power at a slower speed adjacent its hard over position; with means 4. The combination with the rudders of a double ended boat of a single machine including a single winding drum for actuating -whereby but one ofthe rudders is operated at a time.

either of said rudders at will; and means for connecting said rudders with said machine, the latter including a device for automatically applying a greater operating force to either of the rudders-adjacent its hard over position than is applied to operate said rudder adjacent its mid position; with means whereby but one of the rudders is operated at a time.

5.. The combination with the rudders of a double ended boat of a single machine ineluding a single winding drum for actuating either of said rudders; and means for connecting said rudders with said machine, the latter including a device for automatically applying a greater operating force to either of the rudders adjacent its hard over positions than is applied to operate said rudder adjacent its mid position with a hand operated device capable of directly actuating the rudders under predetermined conditions; and means whereby but one rudder is operated at a time.

6. The combination with the rudders of a double ended boat of actuating means therefor including cables connected to the rudders; and a machine including a single winding drum to which said cables are connected for actuating said rudders, the machine including a device for applying different amounts of operating force to either of the rudders depending upon its position, with means for maintaining the lengths of cables between itself and the rudders at all times constant'regardless of the position of said rudders.

7. The combination with the rudders of a double ended boat for actuating means therefor including cables and a single diflferentially acting device for giving said rudders diiferent speeds at diflerent parts of their movement with means whereby but one of said rudders is operated at a time.

8. The combination with the rudders of a double ended boat of actuating means therefor including cables and a single differentially acting device forgiving said rudders'difierent speeds at different parts of their movement; said means .for actuating said rudders including a differentially acting device for applying a greater moving force to said rudders when they "are adjacent theirhard over positions than when they-are adjacent their mid positions with means whereby but one of said rudders is operated at a time.

9. The combination with the rudders of a double ended boat of ropes connected to said rudders; and a machine including a single winding drum for operating the rudders through the ropes; said machine including a winding drum having two conical portions placed base to base and provided with grooves on said portions for the reception of the ropes with, means whereby but one of said rudders is operated at a time.

10. The combination with the rudders ofa double ended boat of ropes connectedto said rudders; and a'machine including a single winding drum for operating the rudders through the ropes; said machine including a drum; a power actuated member; means for. connecting said drum to said 1 member, at will; and means foractuating the drum by hand independently of the member; said drum having two conical portions placed base to base and two cylindrical portions; there being a groove or grooves formed on said cylindrical and conical portions for the reception of the ropes with means wherebybut one of said rudders is length than the other; two of the ropes be ing operative on the conical portions of the drum and the'others being operative on the elongated cylindrical portion thereof.

12. The combination with two rudders of a double ended vessel of a single engine; a drum therefor; and means connecting the drum with both rudders, including means whereby but onerudder is operated at a time, the said drum being connected to operate whenever the engine is operated.

13. The combination with the two rudders of a double ended vessel; a single engine; ropes connecting the engine with the rudders having four ends terminating at said engine; the latter including a drum operative whenever the engine is operated for the reception of said ropes with means whereby but, one of said rudders is operated at a time.

1 1. The combination with the two rudders of a double ended vessel of a quadrant for each rudder; and means wherebyeither quadrant may be connected to or detached from its rudder at will; ropes connected to said quadrants and a single engine having a drum receiving said ropes for operating either rudder at will through the ropes with means whereby but one of said rudders is operated at a time. 4

15. The combination of a vessel having two rudders; a movable member for 'each rudder; means for connecting either rudder to its member at will; a single rudder operating engine having a winding drum and ropes leading from said drum to the movable rudder members with means whereby but one of said rudders is operated at a time.

16. The combination of a vessel having two rudders; a movable member for each rudder; means for preventingmovement of either rudder; means, for connecting either rudder at will to its movable member; a single rudder operating engine; and a drum for said-engine; and ropes for connecting said drum with the movable rudder members with means whereby but one of said rudders is operated at a time.

17 The combination of a boat having two rudders; a movable member for each rudr der; means for attaching either"rudder to In testimony whereof, I have signed my its'movable member; a single rudder operatname to this specification, in the presence of ing engine having a winding drum provided two subscribing witnesses.

with a plurality of grooves; and ropes con- WILLIAM S. WILKINSON. 5 meeting said rudders with said engine drum Witnesses:

with means whereby but one of said rudders WILLIAM E. BRADLEY,

is operated at a time. WM. A. BARR. 

